Dr. Cho tested the standard toolkit against this new understanding:
Single-oil sprays or cotton balls? Cover the surface smell temporarily. Do nothing to the pheromone trail underneath. Doesn't address the real issue.
Snap traps? Remove the mouse, not the trail it followed in on. The next mouse arrives using the same invisible map. Doesn't address the real issue.
Poison bait? Same problem, with added risk around kids and pets, and the added misery of a mouse dying inside a wall. Doesn't address the real issue.
Ultrasonic devices? The FTC has sent warning letters to more than 60 manufacturers over unsupported claims, and independent testing shows rodents adjust to the sound within days regardless. Doesn't address the real issue.
"None of these were ever built with the trail in mind," Dr. Cho said. "That's not a flaw in the products. It's a gap in the whole approach."
What she began recommending to a small number of research partners was a repellent built around multiple layered botanical compounds strong enough to saturate and override the existing trail, not just mask it.